Groupthink and Foreign Policy

Four year certification in scientific studies (Hons) In Marketing BMME1 1142A Type of Assignment: Module: Lecturer: Member: UOB ID No. : Date of Submission: INDIVIDUAL TRANSFORMATION OF WORK (BAFW4) MR JOHN NEO BOON LEONG KAM YONG KUAT 10038891 27th JUNE 2012 Page 1 of 4 BMME1 1142A Transformation of Work (BAFW4), Individual Assignment, 27th June 2012 Kam Yong Kuat (UB: 10038891) A basic survey of a scholastic article worried about specific parts of new issues of work Cross, S. furthermore, Bagilhole, B. We will compose a custom article test on Change of Work or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now (2002) Girls’ Jobs for the young men? Men, Masculinity and NonTraditional Occupations. Sexual orientation, Work and Organization, Vol 9, No. 2 pp204-226 Introduction of Gender isolation of the work showcase ordinarily, there has consistently been word related isolation through sexual orientation in all nations. This is the situation, regardless of the distinctions in economy or political circumstance in the various regions. Despite the fact that it has been a drawn-out period of time since ladies have taken part in the working power, ladies men despite everything will in general work in various ventures, for some explanation. Exploration directed by Simon Cross and Barbara Bagilhole (2002) has demonstrated that men commanded ventures like drivers of street merchandise vehicles, creation works, support administrators, distribution center and vendors, specialized and discount agents. What's more, on the opposite finish of the range, just two word related gatherings are wholl y female predominance (over 90%); attendants and care partners. Other female overwhelmed businesses including counter representatives, clerks, cooking associates, essential and nursery teachers and cleaners or residential assistants. Sadly, sexual orientation isolation works both evenly and vertically in the working power. Not exclusively are people assigned subjectively in various field or work, ladies happened to make up most by far of the lower levels of the word related chain of importance. Taking model from the nursing business in the US, men makes up just the unmistakable minority, yet, most are firmly urged to go after advancements into administrative jobs. William (1992) has featured on an extremely intriguing analogy of the ‘glass ceiling’ to that of ‘glass escalator’ so as to mirror the men’s smooth and unyielding ascent to senior administration. Numerous speculations have been advanced to clarify the perseverance of sex divisions in work, and it has fundamentally centered around women’s failure to contend on equivalent footing to men in the work showcase. (Cross and Bagilhole, 2002) Men, manliness and ‘non-customary work’ As indicated by research led by Hearn (1992), manliness has been seen as a long way from uniform and it is seen not as ‘the substance of men’, yet rather as a result of social and chronicled powers. There have been different speculations that feature that man who worked in nontraditional occupations would in general present a less manly sex type contrasted and men in customary male-prevailing occupations (Chusmir, 1990). In light of the diversion and media scene in Singapore, it appears to additionally demonstrate what Chusmir (1990) has contended. 0% of make-up craftsman, hairdresser and style originators will in general depict an increasingly ladylike persona, moving ceaselessly from the conventional male manliness. Some have even been viewed as a ‘fairy godmother’ (David Gan †Asiaone News, 2010). It might be because of the way that demographics from these businesses are chiefly female, therefore the ladylike persona, and in the end, homosexuality. Ye t, these likewise further explain the point that Collinson and Hearn (1996) made, that masculinities are ‘socially delivered, duplicated and surely changeable’. There are likewise contentions that proposes men received a ‘transformed’ manliness in nontraditional occupations, for example, educating (Galbraith 1992) and men who reject generalized sexual orientation jobs, and who performed non-customary work, announced almost no sex job struggle (Luhaorg and Zivian, 1995) Page 2 of 4 BMME1 1142A Transformation of Work (BAFW4), Individual Assignment, 27th June 2012 Kam Yong Kuat (UB: 10038891) Cross and Bagihole (2002) anyway keep up that manliness is the shorthand for ‘gender identity’. What's more, along these lines, through this investigation of the different subjects, it took a gander at manners by which masculinities are characterized, ‘transformed’, (re)constructed, and kept up by men working in non-customary occupations. Discoveries of the investigation of manliness in non-customary work One of the subject talked with notice that ‘caring is viewed as a prevalently female activity since individuals consider carers to be being female, and parts of caring like being empathic and touchy to people’s needs are viewed as something that men can’t do’. This has started the subject to challenge customary thoughts of proper sexual orientation conduct in crafted by a mindful employment. Another member additionally featured the need to challenge the conventional culture of engaging in the mindful scene, despite the fact that he has been acquainted with customary manly qualities since youthful, through the doings of his dad and sibling. He would be esteemed as not the same as being a ‘real men’ in the event that he would to seek after in caring work. One more youthful member additionally noticed that he have gotten antagonistic responses when he referenced to young ladies he met during a gathering, that he was a male medical attendant. He needs to turn to lying about his occupation as ladies were not intrigued if he’s a medical caretaker. Most by far of ladies will begin to scrutinize his sexual direction or begin to impart their issues to him. These are only a couple of the difficulties that the members have imparted to respect to their sexuality and manly character. In any case, the members additionally have a considerable amount of endeavors in testing the difficulties. A male gynecologist who was likewise part of the investigation featured that he regularly felt in any case when he watched his female partners rewarding individual female patients, and thought it was somewhat poor. What's more, hence, he endeavors to guarantee that he handles his patients with more judgment and exertion to guarantee that his patients felt agreeable. This has gone down with well with his patients and he has been properly perceived for the endeavors. One of different members, a male attendant, sees his work as a deep rooted profession, something that he will accomplish for an amazing remainder. With this disposition and approach, he will in general accept the position more truly and hope to endeavor superior to his female partners, whom numerous multiple times, enters the business, seeing it similarly as a subsequent activity or something to improve tags along. (Re)constructing an alternate manliness There are likewise the not many that look to (re)construct an alternate manliness, by relating to their work as being better signs of their actual self (Cross and Bagilhole, 2002). The members consider their to be as something that really draws out their actual nature as a mindful individual. One of the male medical caretaker engaged with the investigation remarked that he utilized not have the option to communicate his feelings out in the open, because of the cliché perspectives on the overall population. Be that as it may, subsequent to joining the nursing business, it has helped him to all the more likely communicate in an additionally freeing way. He presently has no issue imparting his feelings to individuals around him. This could likewise be the motivation behind why dependent on ongoing reports, it has demonstrated that progressively male medical attendants have been accounted for to enter the business (More male medical attendant entering the business †Asiaone, Page 3 of 4 BMME1 1142A Change of Work (BAFW4), Individual Assignment, 27th June 2012 Kam Yong Kuat (UB: 10038891) 2010). It could likewise be to a great extent because of that reality that individuals have developed to comprehend and understand the work one does, is anything but an immediate impression of your sexual direction or character. End Based on the investigations of the different subjects, Simon and Bagilhole (2002) had the option to set up that the guys either endeavored to keep up a conventional manliness by removing themselves from female associates, as well as in part (re)constructed an alternate manliness by relating to their non-customary occupations. The men engaged with the examination have likewise demonstrated to be effectively keeping up customary male qualities, and not testing their sex personality. When tested about their manliness, a portion of the subjects have kept up themselves as the predominant sexual orientation by reformulating the impression of their work as being more men’s work, for instance, by denying that a consideration taker’s work includes caring as it were. It has a specific component of arranging and the board included that will make the male predominance sticks out. Similarly as how Segal (1999) contended, ‘men have remained the predominant sex by continually refashioning masculinity’. Through this examination, it is clear that men have had the option to effectively keep up their conventional favorable circumstances even in female-ruled working environments. Indeed, even in female-overwhelmed work environments, for example, nursing, it doesn't normally set the change or biasness in the women’s favor. The men’s conduct and practices adds to their predominance in the business. WORKS CITED Feminine Males inside Entertainment Industry Yoshio; http://www. whatshappening. sg/occasions/file. php? com=detaileID=51825 David Gan; http://news. asiaone. com/News/The%2BNew%2BPaper/Story/A1Story20101110 - 246661. tml More male medical caretakers entering the business http://www. asiaone. com/News/Education/Story/A1Story20100712-226496. html Cross, S. also, Bagilhole, B. (2002) Girls’ Jobs for the young men? Men, Masculinity and Non - Traditional Occupations. Sexual orientation, Work and Organization, Vol 9, No. 2 pp204-226 Chusmir, L. H. (1990) Men who settl e on non-customary vocation decisions. Diary of Counseling and Development, 69 (September-October),

A Street Car Named Desire Essay Example for Free

A Street Car Named Desire Essay Everybody sees each other in an alternate manner; some consider others to be acceptable individuals and others may not see a decent individual in anybody. We likewise observe ourselves from an alternate perspective than others may see and may celebrate ourselves to a degree. Stanley Kowalski from the play â€Å"A Street Car Named Desire† by Tennessee Williams, is no special case this announcement. At the very beginning of the play, he sees Blanche DuBois as a cheat and a liar as soon as he saw her. Some portion of the antagonistic vibe and strain between Stanley Kowalski and Blanche DuBois gets from their varying class foundations. Blanche, the fragile posterity of a once-well off Southern group of landowners who shaped the nobility of that society, experiences the bestial Stanley. His rough language and explained impression of Blanche to upset her delicate nature. Blanche considers Stanley to be a common laborers man who appreciates sex, drinking, bowling, poker playing, rough and in particular as a creature. Stanley anyway considers himself to be as the â€Å"King of New Orleans† and as a man who ought to be treated with deference. The inquiry despite everything remains anyway to what degree should we judge others and ourselves. Toward the beginning of the play we perceive how Stanley appreciates sex. He utilizes the meat and tosses it at Stella to infer how he needs to engage in sexual relations with her. With this picture we can see Stanley through Stella’s eyes and how she sees him. When Stanley meets Blanche we see one more time how he possibly thinks about looks and sex when he says Blanche isn’t all that terrible looking as he is being dubious of her losing Bell Reave. We likewise observe Stanley assault Blanche in scene ten indicating how he just thinks about sex. Another model would how he ventures into Stella’s shirt toward the finish of the play. â€Å"[He stoops alongside her and his fingers locate the opening of her blouse]†. Drinking is another picture that portrays Stanley’s character. Inside each scene that Stanley is in includes liquor. Stanley’s drinking propensities makes him mirror his different qualities for instance he gets brutal towards Stella in scene three following a night of liquor and betting. Stanley’s alcoholic conduct is typically instigated when he is playing poker, celebrating, or during parties. He is additionally appeared in scene ten that Stanley becomes â€Å"in the mood† when he is inebriated, in light of the fact that he assaults Blanche after he has drank numerous brew. â€Å"[Stanley shows up around corner of building, he’s had a couple of lagers and is conveying some quart bottles with him]†. Despite the fact that it isn't viewed as a significant towards the impression of Stanley’s character, bowling is viewed as one of the wealth of exercises that he savors. All through the play we see little goodies of Stanley bowling. Bowling could be viewed as a getaway for Stanley since he appears to go bowling at whatever point antagonistic vibe is going to initiate. In scene eight he utilizes bowling to escape Stella’s outrage towards him when he presents the transport pass to Blanche for her birthday. Stella: â€Å"She is. She was. You didn’t know Blanche as a young lady. No one, no one, was delicate and trusting as she seemed to be. In any case, individuals like you manhandled her, and constrained her to change. [Stanley crosses into room, ripping off his and changing into his bowling shirt, she follows him] Do you think you’re going bowling now? † Poker is demonstrated to be a man’s region in the play and in light of the fact that Stanley is a masculine man, the game is a piece of his character. Poker, such as bowling, can be viewed as a getaway for Stanley and a possibility for him to get some man time with his companions. Anyway it is more similar to a compulsion than a night with the young men. Mitch: â€Å"Poker shouldn’t be played in a house with ladies. † Violence is appeared as a standard inside the play. In spite of the fact that Blanche was not used to the viciousness in scene three she becomes familiarize to the brutality later in the play. Stanley is appeared as an individual whom has outrage the executives gives that drives him to his vicious flare-ups. He likewise utilizes his viciousness to state his strength inside each circumstance. Exercises that Stanley appreciates, likewise animate savage conduct when he gets disappointed or aggravated. â€Å"Stella: Your face and your fingers are disgustingly oily. Proceed to clean up and afterward assist me with gathering the dishes. [he flings a plate to the floor. ] Stanley: That’s how I’ll gather the dishes! Don’t ever talk that approach to me! â€Å"Pig - Polack †disturbing â€vulgar †oily! † †them sort of words have been on your tongue and your sister’s a lot around here! What do both of you think you are? A couple of sovereigns? Recollect what Huey Long said †â€Å"Every Man is a King! What's more, I am the ruler around here, so don’t overlook it! [he flings a cup and saucer to the floor] My place is cleared! You need me to clear your places? † The last attribute of Stanley is his creature like conduct. His savagery just as his sexual tenures are the key players in his conduct. Stanley is appeared as an individual that couldn't care less about others emotions or what they state. In scene two when Stanley investigates Blanche about Belle Reave, he couldn't care less for the letters or her assets when he was looking through her effects. At the point when Stella discloses to Stanley that Blanche is delicate, he just answers her with a â€Å"so? † to demonstrate his lack of interest to Blanche’s sentiments. â€Å"Stanley: I don’t care in the event that she hears me. Let’s see the papers! † All of these impression of Stanley are major in the improvement of his character. Stanley utilizes his various recognitions to make a climate of predominance around people around him making him the â€Å"King of the jungle†. With attempting to make this climate, Stanley ups his status as lord. This carries us to the end that self-judgment may make a decent confidence yet will reduce other’s judgment.

The Maintainability of the Current Financial Market

The Maintainability of the Current Financial Market Presentation To contend that we are not at present amidst a worldwide money related emergency is basically on viable, given the immersion that the issue has had in the prevailing press. There is no mystery that there is a worldwide liquidity deficiency in the money related division, contract resources declining in esteem and hence constraining the capacity of budgetary organizations administration their loaning and premium installment necessities to speculators. Thus numerous legislatures have taken proactive measures to build liquidity in the money related area and fight off swelling and other negative elements. It is the motivation behind this paper to fundamentally investigate the current money related emergency, related to the sub-prime home loan issue which rose to unmistakable quality in late 2007. Considering the current monetary atmosphere this paper will talk about in the case of actualizing a money related wellbeing net will serve to address the weights that are being set on budgetary e stablishments as far as their fluid resources and generally speaking financial feasibility. It will likewise introduce the fundamental elements of a sound monetary wellbeing net, and note that these components should by and large be available all together for a money related security net to work adequately in adjusting the financial unevenness which the worldwide economy is right now encountering. The Current Financial Climate The monetary circumstance at present the world over isn't one of financial success and steadiness. Over the most recent a year the world has needed to oppose the monetary emergency of 2007-2008 started by the weights set on money related organizations because of the sub-prime home loan emergency. Most as of late, starting in September 2008, is a worldwide monetary and liquidity emergency which has prompted various American and European banks falling because of lacking fluid resources for administration its commitments to its clients. Basically the latest emergency started with the United States government takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, which were to government-supported undertakings overhauling the United States home advance industry. This, among different components, therefore started a fast decrease in the estimation of worldwide securities exchange records and money pointers, for example, the Dow Jones (United States), FTSE 500 (United Kingdom) and the ASX 200 (Australia) to give some examples. This saw a quick decrease in the estimation of advantages held by contract related elements, leaving them with altogether less value and liquidity to support their loaning and intrigue installment commitments. Reaction to the emergency the national banks of numerous nations took measures to infuse capital into the income of the money related administrations industry. For instance, the hold bank of Australia infused AU$1.5 billion (around multiple times more than the evaluated need), Indias Reserve Bank siphoned in roughly US$1.32 billion and the Reserve Bank of China gave a boost bundle of around 4 trillion yuan (US$585 billion).[1] In the United States the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 was passed by Congress and gave the Bush organization the power to buy up to US$700 billion of unserviceable home loan resources trying to amplify liquidity.[2] In the United Kingdom, on 8 October 2008, UK government declared a  £500 billion salvage bundle. Every one of these measures were trying to expand liquidity in the money related administrations industry, and were frequently joined by decreases in the national money financing costs as controlled by the national banks. Considering the delicacy of the current worldwide monetary circumstance, is essential to consider the impact of the money related administrations industry wellbeing net as an instrument of buyer security. As this paper will reveal in pending sections, the security net regularly contains various key components so as to amplify its extent of use and impact. Various locales have looked to actualize store ensures and comparable insurance plans, and the adequacy and dangers related with these plans will be talked about more altogether at the appointed time. Anyway it is critical to note in passing that the current monetary emergency assumes a huge job in the capacity of a money related wellbeing net to work viably, because of the unessential weights which are set on the monetary framework because of a deficiency of liquidity in the worldwide budgetary industry. This influences each worldwide money related organization from significant banks directly down to little league debenture organiz ations. An Overview of the Financial Sector Safety Net It is hard to restrict the budgetary division security net into one compact and concise definition. Or maybe one must consider the wellbeing net considering its numerous elements. As the World Bank itself calls attention to, are critical troubles experienced with actualizing a wellbeing net, which are properly characterized in the accompanying entry: Bank security nets are hard to plan and manage, in light of the fact that they have the clashing destinations of ensuring bank clients and diminishing banks motivating forces to take part in hazardous exercises. In a few nations including the U.S., the budgetary security net, organized to lessen the powerlessness of the monetary framework, seems to have had a remarkable inverse outcome. Without a doubt, Kane (1989) distinguishes the U.S. money related security net, and eminently fixed-rate store protection and remiss bank terminations, as the absolute most significant factor in clarifying the disastrous Savings and Loan emergency of the 1980s. Thus, Demirguc-Kunt and Detragiache (1998) discover universal proof that the presence of an express store protection plot has added to banking framework delicacy. To control bank chance taking, money related security nets by and large depend on two components: (I) advertise order, and (ii) bank guideline. Bank leasers can apply showcase discipline by pulling back their assets, or requesting higher financing costs from more dangerous banks. If there should be an occurrence of traded on an open market banks, value holders can likewise impact discipline.[3] The above section shows that security nets are not successful all alone; rather they require collaboration between all the various classes of gatherings engaged with the money related industry so as to keep up a sound budgetary market. Anyway executing a wellbeing net isn't without its dangers and, as the above entry shows, now and again the instruments utilized by a security net program of them add to the delicacy of the money related framework isn't actualized appropriately and in light of the setting in which they are to apply. Considering the over this brief has introduced a fundamental diagram of the basis of the security net in the money related industry and the points it decides to accomplish. This short will presently proceed to investigate the essential components of a security net framework, as it is imperative to consider the impact of every one of these individual instruments in suitable detail so as to reach a fitting determination with regards to whether thought ought to be given to a wellbeing net plan to be executed in a wide way across worldwide locales considering the current money related emergency. Components of the Safety Net Systems for Liquidity Support For most banks and monetary foundations the need to keep up a specific measure of inflexible liquidity to support loaning and premium installment commitments is fundamental to guarantee the drawn out reasonability of the establishment, and furthermore to guarantee that the bank or organization can keep offering an assistance to its clients and hence produce further income. A large portion of these organizations have certain money saves accessible to meet these commitments if the foundation turns out to be incidentally illiquid, anyway it is imperative to consider the quality of these measures given the current financial atmosphere and furthermore whether different estimates exist if the liquidity stores of the establishment can't support its commitments to its clients. Accordingly it is imperative to recognize the liquidity holds which are accessible to money related foundations during typical working occasions and those which are to be depended upon in a period of emergency, and the re is a requirement for a budgetary establishment to think about the effectiveness of both of these measures. A typical type of day today liquidity saves banks depend upon is the loan specialist after all other options have run out (LOLR) work, where national banks in most created purviews around the globe have the position to give credit support in case of a bank turning out to be briefly illiquid, anyway as yet remaining solvent.[4] LOLR activities don't ensure against banks from falling flat, but instead serve to shield liquidity deficiencies in spilling out of one bank to another. As the World Bank puts it: This sort of help can give a significant cushion against brief aggravations in monetary markets. LOLR activities may assist with forestalling liquidity lack in one bank from being transmitted to other budgetary foundations, for instance, through the installment framework. LOLR activities are not expected to forestall bank disappointments at the same time, rather, to forestall overflows related with liquidity deficiencies especially in cash and interbank markets from intruding on the typical intermediation capacity of monetary establishments and markets.[5] Consequently the motivation behind LOLR is to guarantee the general trustworthiness of the money related market, through containing any liquidity deficiencies to one bank and endeavoring to keep it from arriving at different organizations. In a period of emergency a money related organization may need to look for liquidity assets from the national bank far beyond those that would regularly be accessible to them for everyday exercises. These crisis loaning techniques should be considered in the most grounded conceivable way, and the International Monetary Fund has sketched out various rules which ought to be considered in such manner: res

Reproduction and the Shattered Aura in Don DeLillo’s White Noise - Literature Essay Samples

Walter Benjamin’s work as a philosopher and theorist speaks at length of mechanical reproduction and the impact it has on society. Benjamin’s work can therefore be applied to the society depicted in Don DeLillo’s novel White Noise, illuminating it as one of reproduction illustrated in the interactions the book’s characters have with each other and their environment. The society, therefore, ultimately exists under the premise of illusion, failing to distinguish between reality and imitation. German cultural critic Walter Benjamin discusses in his essay â€Å"The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction† the effects of mechanical reproduction in regards to the â€Å"aura† of art. This â€Å"aura† exists in the art’s authenticity and its place in the realm of tradition. â€Å"The aura of an object compels attention. Whether a work of art or natural landscape, we confront it in one place and only one place: [in its history ]† (Nichols 628). Benjamin proposes that the aura of art exists in its capitalist, elitist quality of uniqueness, that part of what makes art, well, art is the fact that it is belongs to the elite and the poor are deprived of it. Thus, art is no longer evaluated based on innovation, authorship, or general quality but by history, ownership, and lineage, making the existence and value of art ritualistic, formulaic, and ultimately arbitrary. The aura, the artwork’s authenticity, by definition, cannot be reproduced and, therefore, the mechanical reproduction and mass distribution of art obliterates any aura a piece of artwork might have. â€Å"Mechanical reproduction emancipates the work of art from its parasitical dependence on ritual (Benjamin IV) on which it was forced to rely and allows for mass consumption. Mechanical reproductions of artwork, such as pictures in books, advertisements, and posters, equalize the â€Å"playing field,† allowing art to be evaluated based on the art itself rather than political ties or hierarchical consignments. For example, since the advent of mechanical reproduction and mass distribution, the common person can now enjoy the Mona Lisa as it hangs in their living room—her half smile is no longer restricted to the people who can afford to visit the Louvre. In terms of Don DeLillo’s novel White Noise, Jack Gladney much prefers a mechanical reproduction to an aura, valuing simulation and repetition over unique experiences. He lives in a town named Blacksmith, which is a ‘‘name that advertises old-fashioned values and country goodness’’ and indicates its inhabitants are ‘‘protected from the violence of the inner cities† (Keesey 135). Even Jack doesn’t foresee violence in his little town, claiming that death in Blacksmith, when compared with the fatal urban atmosphere, is â€Å"nonviolent, small-town, thoughtful† (76). However, the connotation s of the quaint and homegrown name â€Å"Blacksmith† are merely ruses. The first whisper of death in the book happens in Blacksmith when a Mylex-suited man collapses and dies while trying to decontaminate the elementary school (40). Furthermore, while searching for the Treadwells the police find a gun and heroine (60). Similar towns situated nearby Backsmith include Watertown, where a fire engulfs a tenement, Bakersville, where two bodies are found buried in a backyard, and Glassboro, where a man dies in a freak, single-car accident (Weekes 290). â€Å"Just as there is no smithing in Blacksmith, these communities all evoke an outmoded labor ethic and economic simplicity that no longer exist either in the city or in the village† (Weekes 290). The towns are named for promises they can not keep; the names connote a small-town ideal, a safety, a friendliness, that the towns can not deliver. Blacksmith provides yet another simulation for Jack to hide behind, a forced repr oduction of the ideal, rural, wholesome town. Yet Blacksmith is not a town of innocence or guiltlessness and this gap causes the characters in the book to either live in a limbo of confusion, constantly searching for the common ground between the idyllic connotations of the name and the reality of the place, or in a realm of illusion, where one is made to believe that the town does, in fact, embody its name’s implications. Notions like the latter inspire Murray to say that â€Å"it is possible to be homesick for a place even while you are there† (257), thus illustrating the open-mouthed gap that lies between expectations and reality—an obstacle that Jack fights to avoid throughout the novel. Accordingly, Jack Gladney believes that Blacksmith is a safe-haven, a place of safety, a nurturing environment (76), more inspired by the town’s name and its implications than the reality of life within the parameters. Living in Blacksmith, turning a blind eye to real ity and desperately relying on illusion, the Gladney family is nonetheless disjoined and dysfunctional at times. Their conversations are haphazard and chaotic, without much substance or narrative significance. The banter might even be considered a form of the white noise suggested by the novel’s title (Packer 657). Heinrich, especially, seems to provide a stumbling block for Jack, as evidenced in the scene where the pair discusses the reality of rain and, consequently, the limitations of language. The conversation mirrors the theme of reproduction and reality in both content and form. As Jack and Heinrich debate the realness of the rain, their conversation turns to larger questions: What is rain? How can we prove that rain is actually rain? How can we identify a universal truth? Is there such thing as truth? And is there such thing as a â€Å"now?† After all, â€Å"’now; comes and goes as soon as you say it. How can [it be] raining now if †¦ ‘nowâ₠¬â„¢ becomes ‘then’ as soon as [it’s said]† (23)? Heinrich champions the real, exploring existence to its most narrow implications while Jack would rather leave â€Å"the real† unexplored and blindly accept the norm. Accordingly, Jack grows frustrated with Heinrich’s Hegelian â€Å"theoretical bubble-blowing† and, regardless of the validity of Heinrich’s inquiries, ultimately concedes to Heinrich’s argument in a huff of sarcasm. Gladney seems to fear his son’s intelligence; instead of discussing Heinrich’s potentially legitimate inquiries and facing his consequential â€Å"loss† of the argument—and inevitable admission to a new notion of reality—Jack dismisses the conversation as ludicrous. Jack’s can see in his daughter Steffie, however, more of a conformation to reproduction, to simulation and illusion, which, in turn, makes his relationship with her less fraught with disagreeme nt, at times even finding philosophical significance in her trivial behavior. Jack seems involved and deeply intrigued when Steffie mouths the words â€Å"Toyota Celica† in her sleep. The event happens shortly after the family has to evacuate their house, fleeing the toxic cloud looming over their neighborhood. He observes his children as they sleep and finds revelation in a seemingly insignificant, if not almost pejorative moment:Steffie turned slightly, then muttered something in her sleep. It seemed important that I know what it was†¦ I was convinced she was saying something, fitting together units of stable meaning†¦ She uttered two clearly audible words, familiar and elusive at the same time, words that seemed to have a ritual meaning, part of a verbal spell or ecstatic chant: â€Å"Toyota Celica† (154-155).I pause at this point in the excerpt because it seems pertinent for the argument’s sake that Gladney’s reaction to his daughter’ s subliminal susceptibility to advertisements is appropriately related to the narrative expectations. That is, Gladney’s approach to Steffie’s utterance makes the reader expect something deeply profound to issue from her small lips, something that would force the reader to reevaluate Steffie’s nine-year-old mind and declare her an insightful little girl, worthy of credence and confidence (Maltby 260). Instead, the reader gets â€Å"Toyota Celica.† Slightly deflated, the reader might expect Jack to feel the same upon realizing the banality of the phrase, yet expectations are upset yet again when Jack extracts his own significance, however overtly postmodern and contrived they might be, from Steffie’s unconscious muttering: A long moment passed before I realized this was the name of an automobile. The truth only amazed me more. The utterance was beautiful and mysterious, gold-shot with looming wonder†¦ A simple brand name, an ordinary car. How c ould these near-nonsense words, murmured in a child’s restless sleep, make me sense a meaning, a presence? She was only repeating some TV voice†¦ Part of every child’s brain noise, the substatic regions too deep to probe. Whatever its source, the utterance stuck me with the impact of a moment of splendid transcendence. I depend on my children for that.(155)The reader might be tempted to interpret this passage as a parody or satire, but Jack’s earnest tone makes the reader consider his words as genuinely searching and valid. â€Å"Gladney’s words are not to be dismissed as delusional† but are meant to illustrate the postmodernist’s narrative tendency to â€Å"seek out transcendent moments† that â€Å"hint at possibilities for cultural regeneration†¦ For what is revealed to Gladney in this visionary moment is that names embody a formidable power† (Maltby 260). Jack experiences â€Å"splendid transcendence† in thi s moment of simulation, of reproduction, and, when compared with his frustrated conversation with Heinrich, illustrates his preference for reproduction instead of authenticity. Jack imposes grandiose and arguably unwarranted significance on Steffie’s utterance of â€Å"Toyota Celica† partly because of its unknown origin and how it changes the role of Steffie. He is unsure whether the phrase exists in a television commercial, Steffie’s mind, both, or neither. If the phrase exists in a television commercial, jumping off the screen and landing on Steffie’s lips for the sole purpose of repetition, Steffie is temporarily reduced to little more than a conduit, an outlet for propaganda. If the phrase exists in Steffie’s mind, she, at this moment, is acting as a mere storehouse of media, of â€Å"waves and radiation.† The words, therefore, become more important than the medium, reflecting the philosophy of Benjamin, who claims that through mechanica l reproduction, which is arguably manifested in Steffie’s utterance presumably repeated from an advertisement of some sort, the piece of art loses its authenticity and originality—it sacrifices its unique nature for a universality that all can experience and enjoy (Benjamin II). The advertisement has been reproduced by Steffie and Jack finds pleasure not in the words â€Å"Toyota Celica† and their implications, but in the mere fact that they are a product of reproduction.Jack manages to extract significance, albeit concocted, from his daughter’s unconscious mutterings, yet refuses to engage in a mentally simulating and potentially rewarding conversation with his son. There are numerous reasons as to why Gladney might appreciate Steffie’s â€Å"Toyota Celica† over Heinrich’s theories on rain and time, one of them being that Gladney, as a man shaped by his society, values moments of reproduction over moments of authenticity.This prefere nce for conformity, for reproduction and alikeness is also evidenced in the behavior of Murray. A truly bizarre character, Murray seems to be in the prime position to act as an antithesis to the role of reproduction in the novel, yet he finds comfort and even pleasure in repetition, conformity, and simulation. A professor at the College on the Hill—the name of which, in itself, holds the same contrived power of â€Å"Blacksmith† or Steffie’s â€Å"Toyota Celica,† relying on its generic and reproduced nature for significance—Murray desires to teach courses on Elvis and cinematic car crashes. Murray is attracted by the popular culture, by the obvious and overdone. Murray even uses Jack’s notoriety, which is a fabrication, an imitation itself—based on his invented persona of J.A.K. Gladney and his inability to speak Germanto improve the credibility of his own teachings, asking him to attend one of his lectures and draw connections betwee n Hitler and Elvis. Murray hopes that both Hitler’s and Jack’s status will lend themselves to his area of interest. Therefore, Murray has to borrow and simulate importance because the subjects that he enjoys do not carry their own notable significances. Murray’s enjoyment of reproduction is explicated in America’s most-photographed barn scene. A certain nostalgia is both established and destroyed via reproduction in the case of barn. As Murray and Jack stand in the viewing spot to observe the fabled barn, their realizations involve a complicated integration of entanglement and enlightenment:â€Å"What was the barn like before it was photographed?† [Murray] said. â€Å"What did it look like, how was it different from other barns, how was it similar to other barns? We can’t answer these questions because we’ve read the signs, seen the people snapping the pictures. We can’t get outside the aura. We are part of the aura. Weâ€℠¢re here, we’re now.† He seemed immensely pleased by this. (13)Murray seems to express feelings of both entrapment and exciting enlightenment when he talks of being â€Å"part of the aura.† This thinking is complex and nearly antithetical. Murray proposes that he and Jack, just by being in the realm of the subject of so much mechanical reproduction have become a part of the barn’s aura. Benjamin would argue this, saying that the barn’s aura has been destroyed—not enhanced or broadened—because of the mechanical reproduction of the image of the barn, thereby obliterating any possibility of including Murray or Jack in its essence. Benjamin might propose that Murray does not grow excited because of the barn’s aura but because of the barn’s cult value (Benjamin V). That is, the barn was originally a mere building until mechanical reproduction â€Å"recognized it as a piece of art† becoming â€Å"a creation with entirel y new functions,† namely the artistic function. Benjamin even goes on to claim that â€Å"photography †¦ [is one of] the most serviceable exemplifications of this new function† (Benjamin V). That is, while pictures of the most-photographed barn in America might loosely be considered art, they have no genuine aura. Instead, the barn, the location and subject of the cultish reproduction, acquires its own pseudo-aura that is rooted merely in its reputation.Murray’s episode with the prostitute is also telling of his desire for simulation, for staged reproduction. After fleeing the chemical-spill induced toxic cloud, Murray and the Gladney family flee to Iron City, a supposed safe haven and temporary refugee camp. The first night there, Murray pays a prostitute twenty five dollars to let him perform the Heimlich maneuver on her. Upon hearing this, Jack says to Murray, perhaps more in the form of passively advising rather than questioning, â€Å"You don’t really expect her to lodge a chunk of food in her windpipe.† Murray answers:No, no, that won’t be necessary. A long as she makes gagging and choking sounds, As long as she sighs deeply when I jolt the pelvis. As long as she collapses helplessly backward into my life-saving embrace.(153)Thus, Murray does not have a desire to be an actual hero—the reader does not witness him helping frightened citizens out of Blacksmith and into Iron City. Rather, he waits until the actual danger and crisis pass so he can fabricate an emergency of his own—he wants the illusion of heroism, not the reality of it. He pays money to be a hero, if only for a second, and, therefore, desires the aura-less nature of reproduction over the opportunities for genuine greatness and heroics in reality.The society depicted in White Noise values reproduction and simulation so much that consumption of television becomes nearly cultish. The role of television as a communication medium often pr oves to be problematic in that it broadcasts genuine things in a synthetic manner, thus constituting a platform of illusion. In the scene where Babette is featured on television, Jack undergoes the dilemma of seeing a reproduction of his wife through the television screen. He undergoes states of â€Å"confusion, fear, astonishment† and â€Å"psychic disorientation† upon seeing the image of Babette piped through the tubes (104). Jack fears that Babette has been harmed, that she is either â€Å"dead, missing, or disembodied,† that the representation of Babette on the screen is hollow or incomplete. While Jack recognizes the image as that of Babette, seeing her on the television screen makes him think of her as â€Å"some distant figure from the past †¦ a walker in the mists of the dead† (104). Only Wilder, the adorable little antithesis that he is, sees Babette and recognizes her fully, touching the television screen where the image of her body lay ben eath the warm glass, leaving behind a dusty print—some evidence of his recognition. There are few things in Jack’s life that are real and tangible, but Babette is one of them. He often finds pleasure in her body and her voice, usually resorting himself to a childish posture—as when he lies between her breasts, calls her Ba-Ba, and asks her to read to him. While arguably perverse, Jack’s relationship with and feelings for Babette are possibly the realest things in the book. When confronted with a simulated image of Babette, as he was when she was broadcasted on local cable, Jack suffers from an internal conflict where the reality of Babette, her originality, her authenticity, her aura, is shattered, and replaced by a reproduction, an illusion of Babette, a pseudo-Babette.Jack seems to suffer instantly and profoundly from this shock, this disconnect. He states plainly:With the sound down low, we couldn’t hear what she was saying. But no one bothered to adjust the volume. It was the picture that mattered, the face in black and white, animated but also flat, distance, sealed-off, timeless. It was but wasn’t her†¦ I felt a certain disquiet. I tried to tell myself it was only television—whatever that was, however it worked—and not some journey out of life or death, not some mysterious separation.(105)The mechanical reproduction of Babette in this scene does, in a sense, involve a sort of death, of â€Å"mysterious separation†Ã¢â‚¬â€Babette loses her aura, her uniqueness when she is broadcast. Her image is reproduced to accommodate the medium of television and, in the process, Benjamin would argue, she is separated from her reality and exists merely as a product, a commodity to be evaluated by society. Jack no longer has sole ownership of Babette, but must share her image with the television. This loss, as it might be termed, frightens and unnerves Jack, for he is forced to evaluate Babette as other viewers might. He doesn’t recognize her immediately. He sees her in black and white without sound, as if she were a snapshot. He is worried that she is dead. Jack lives in a society where mechanical reproduction is favored over authenticity, yet he resists the mechanical reproduction of Babette, someone he loves. Perhaps the role of Babette in this instance serves as a small antithesis to Jack’s preference for mechanically reproduced things because she is the proverbial connection that is keeping Jack anchored to the realm of reality. After all, as Benjamin says, the representation of reality is significant â€Å"precisely because of the thoroughgoing permeation of reality with mechanical equipment, as aspect of reality which is free of all equipment† (Benjamin XI). That is, mechanical reproduction does depend on reality and, inherently, cannot function without some footing in the real world. Since Babette could very well serve as Jack’s footing in reali ty, his reaction to seeing her mechanically reproduced is, in a way, justifiable even within the confines of Benjamin’s philosophy for, without some basis in reality, Jack’s world and philosophies would crumble much like a building without a foundation.One of the most telling and rich instances of mechanical reproduction in the novel is in Jack’s repetition of his plot to kill Mink. Jack repeats his plans to:Drive past the scene several times, park some distance from the scene, go back on foot, locate Mr. Gray under his real name or an alias, shoot him three times in the viscera for maximum pain, clear the weapon of prints, place the weapon in the victims staticky hand, find a crayon or lipstick tube and scrawl a cryptic suicide note on the full-length mirror, take the victims supply of Dylar tablets, slip back to the car, proceed to the expressway entrance, head east toward Blacksmith, get off at the old river road, park Stover’s car in Old Man Treadwell ’s garage, shut the door, walk home in the rain and fog.(304)The above is the first draft of the plan, the original plot, the launching pad. Jack goes on to repeat this plan nearly ten times, each time varying it. In some instances the plot is a mere three lines long (310), while other repetitions take up nearly half of a page (311). Not one reproduction of the plot, however, is identical to another. Perhaps this variation is hinting at a universal truth—that exact replication is impossible because, after the first replication, the original is different than it had been. Benjamin would argue that after mechanical reproduction, the original exists without an aura whereas it had maintained its aura until the reproduction took place. Thus, all reproductions are mere shadows of a once aura-rich entity, not possessing auras themselves and simultaneously robbing the aura of the original. Jack’s variegated reproductions of his plot to kill Mink could ultimately serve a s a testament to the lost aura and impossible task of replication (Barrett 108).However, Jack enjoys his mental reproduction of the plot. Repeating the plan to himself encourages him, perhaps even serving as a comfort or a reassurance. While none of the reproductions are exactly the same, they share certain commonalities; for instance, many of them end with â€Å"walk home in the rain and fog,† which lends a romantic notion to Jack’s plot. These self-imposed reproductions distance Jack from his plot by over-exposing him to the idea of killing Mink. Benjamin would argue that mechanical reproduction can render society numb to art and its authenticity; after all, if Mona Lisa is hanging in one’s living room, it can’t be too valuable. Likewise, Jack grows numb to the implications of his plot to kill Mink; reproduction makes this distancing possible.Simulation and reproduction run rampant through the scene where Jack actually confronts Mink. Drugged up from e ating Dylar like candy, but also perhaps a mere puppet of mass media, Mink dutifully repeats the television, even replacing it as a source of white noise in this scene seeing as his television is silenced. He says things sporadically and without prompt—things like, â€Å"Some of these playful dolphins have been equipped with radio transmitters. Their far-flung wanderings may tell us things† (310) and â€Å"Using my palette knife and my odorless turp, I will thicken the paint on my palette† (309). Mink becomes a sort of oral camera, a mere reproduction of what has been said on the television. Jack, oddly enough, is not fazed by these episodes of randomness, insisting that the whole room was full of â€Å"auditory scraps, tatters, whirling specks† (307). However, Jack’s mental immunity to Mink’s inexplicable outbursts could perhaps be illustrating his comfort and familiarity with white noise, the generic hum of life (Heller 42). Jack’s desire for simulation and reproduction has resulted in over-stimulation of such things and, ultimately, a numbness to them. Only when he is confronted with something new and real—a gunshot that hits its mark—does Jack break free of his zombie-like, white-noise-induced stupor and do something proactive in taking Mink to the hospital.Jack even encounters reproduction and simulation in a hospital run by nuns. Jack asks the nun who is bandaging up his hand whether or not there is still the â€Å"old heaven†¦ in the sky.† She responds, â€Å"Do you think we are stupid?† (317). Jack insists that the woman helping him is a nun and nuns have to believe certain things. Indignant, he pushes the nun on her simulated religious beliefs, unable to understand that the nuns fake belief for the nonbelievers because â€Å"they are desperate to have someone to believe† (318). The nun goes on to say:â€Å"Someone must appear to believe. Our lives are no less ser ious than if we professed real faith, real belief. As belief shrinks from the world, people find it more necessary than ever that someone believe†¦ We are left to believe†¦ We surrender our lives to make your nonbelief possible. You are sure that you are right but you don’t want everyone to think as you do.†(319)Jack is upset by this revelation, repeatedly referring to the religious-looking picture hanging on the emergency room wall as proof that the nuns must believe if they display a picture so overtly (318). Yet the nun insists that the picture hangs on the wall to merely satisfy the expectations of the nonbelievers and is not an indicator or manifestation of genuine faith. When Jack encounters a simulation, a false reproduction of expectations, in the context of an environment he considers to be authentic or a representation of the truth, he can not appreciate it as a result of mechanical reproduction. Thus, Jack can appreciate mechanical reproduction only when he can predict or create it, exposing Jack’s desire and appreciation for mechanical reproduction only when it is coupled with personal control of the situation.Jack Gladney, like many of the characters in Don DeLillo’s novel White Noise, exists in a society where the simulation and mechanical reproduction of objects, events, and ideas are generally valued more than unique entities and experiences. Jack himself is involved in many situations where he prefers simulation over reality, as is Murray. Even Jack’s family, namely Heinrich, Steffie, and Babette, are either involved with or manifestations of mechanical reproduction. Benjamin’s essay â€Å"The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction† addresses the dilemma that accompanies any form of mechanical reproduction, speaking extensively of an object’s aura and its cultural implications. Through the lens of Benjamin’s theory, the society depicted in White Noise, partial t o simulation and dependent on mechanical reproduction, exists in a state of illusion, suffering from trying desperately to connect the worlds of reality and simulation.

Government Intervention to Help the Working Poor There...

Small businesses are hurt by minimum wage hikes. This hypothetical situation describes how the minimum wage kills jobs. Consider a small community clothing store with 50 customers a day for 360 days at $20 spent per customer. Total revenue per year for the business is $360,000. This seems like a lot of money. How could a small hike in minimum wage hurt when the company makes this much money? Well we still need to deduct the costs of doing business. This clothing store has 10 employees all earning minimum wage (for this example is $8 per hour) working 2000 hours a year. This makes labor costs for this small business $160,000. Other expenses incurred by the business are: cost of goods that are sold, licenses, rent / mortgage,†¦show more content†¦Mendenhall states, â€Å"The current study contributes to this literature by using surveys and in-depth interviews over a 6-month period to trace planned and actual expenditure patterns and to explain the reasons for the obse rved patterns† (368). The Impact Of The Earned Income Tax Credit On Poverty: Analyzing The Dimensions By Race And Immigration, written by Olugbenga Ajilore, studies if the earned income tax credit can help immigrants and minorities overcome poverty. Ajilore studied the effects of the direct injection of money into the pocketbooks of poor immigrants and African-Americans. The goal was to discover if the earned income tax credit gave a need boost to people for upward movement to new income levels. One thing The United States government has tried to do is take care of the least among us. A couple examples of how the government attempts to do this are by tweaking tax code and implementing the minimum wage. My thesis in this essay is: If the government feels it must intervene in the market to help the working poor; then the earned income tax credit is a better, more targeted program that will produce better results. In order to support my thesis to the fullest, I will do fo ur steps. First, I will give a brief history of each program. Second, I will explain the benefits of each approach to helping the working poor. Third, I will explain the disadvantages of each program. Finally, I will conclude with how the data showsShow MoreRelatedMinimum Wage For The State Of California2115 Words   |  9 Pagesless than what is defined as minimum wage. Though every state has its own specific rate at which to pay its employees, some margins between states differ more than others. In the state of California the minimum wage is $10 per hour, for now that is. Government officials that take into account many factors regarding the health of the economy now and in the future determine this rate. For many people of the state that living wage is still not enough. So today the public has voted that the minimum wageRead MoreChallenges Faced by Ethnic Minorities in the United States2627 Words   |  11 Pagesthey also have to carry with them the first two disparities I addressed. When you are in poverty it requires a lot more assistance from other to receive the same educational opportunities as those who are not in poverty. It is difficult to find the help and usually the assistance is lacking. So because of poverty it is harder to get an education and because of the lack of education it is harder to get a good paying job which means you fall back into poverty. I believe that this cycle has formed becauseRead MoreChild Labour9367 Words   |  38 PagesELIMINATING CHILD LABOUR: DO NGO INTERVENTIONS ADD UP TO A STRATEGY? Rekha Wazir* The involvement of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in child labour is fairly recent but it is steadily growing in momentum. However, only a few NGOs have succeeded in achieving recognition in this field at the national level. This paper starts by reviewing a number of inter-linked background factors that circumscribe and curtail the activities of NGOs. This is followed by an analysis of the strategiesRead MoreEconomics Text Book Chapter Summaries21497 Words   |  86 Pagesassuming quality of A has not also gone down Abstractions - simplifications that omit irrelevant facts Policy economics - economic theory and data .. formulation of government policies and courses of action .. solve economic problems and achieve economic goals Economic policy is most often applied by governments after problems arise, but with economic analysis we can predict problems and apply policy in advance, e.g.: Federal Reserve Bank (central bank of the U.S.) anticipationRead MoreHrm5999437 Words   |  38 Pagesformer) organizations benefit plan. Did it help to improve the quality of your work as well as your personal life? Why or why not? Was it a generous benefits program or were there specific benefits you felt should have been included? We want more time off Today people are looking for benefits what will help them manage their work-life life-styles better. Today, with the help of technology, employer is now starting to be more capable of offering flexible options with great results. Time off, seemsRead MoreAreas of Knowledge of Hrm11342 Words   |  46 Pagespast 10 to 15 years. Various researchers, practitioners and policymakers now acknowledge that Human Resources can be conceptualized from a functional perspective and that appropriate interventions involve the development of alternative measures to cope up. It was also noted that the establishment of a conducive working environment for learning and training have served effectively in lowering the prevalence of underachievement among employees. At present, this philosophical shift has extended to variousRead MoreEdexcel Igcse Economics Answer49663 Words   |  199 Pagesthrough negotiation between the car salesperson and the buyer. There is likely to be a price displayed for the car but this is usually a starting point for negotiations to begin. The price a car is eventually sold for will nearly always be lower than the price displayed. (c) The locations in all of the photographs may be described as markets. Question 1: (a) The prices of CDs in Tamer’s shop have been falling recently. He has not been able to sell the CDs because people do not want to buyRead MoreRebolusyong Siyentipiko6106 Words   |  25 Pagesfalling on a Tuesday this year, this weekend will be the critical one - Im expecting a last-minute rush, but overall in sales terms it will be neither a bumper Christmas nor a disaster. Chaotic Sunday Meanwhile, there are growing calls for the government to extend opening hours on Sunday, 23 December, the last trading day before Christmas. Supermarket chain Morrisons warned in a letter to Business Minister Michael Fallon last month of chaotic scenes as shoppers seek to cram their Christmas foodRead MoreThesis on Empower Women Through Micro Credit Programmes18140 Words   |  73 Pageslocal level for women. Reports indicate that self-help programmes, often in the form of savings and credit or micro credit schemes, have succeeded in changing the lives of poor women, enhancing incomes and generating positive externalities such as increased self-esteem. This paper addresses the challenging issue of whether self-help micro credit programmes are tools for empowering poor women. Micro credit is about much more than access to money. It is about women gaining controlRead MoreCorporate Restructuring12070 Words   |  49 Pagesstructure of an institution (a company, an industry, a market, a country, the world economy, etc.) [Sander et al., 1996, p.1].† This structure defines the constraints under which institutions function in their day-to-day operations and their pursuit of better economic performance. Restructuring can therefore be interpreted as the attempt to change the structure of an institution in order to relax some or all of the short-run constraints. Restructuring is concerned with changing structures in pursuit of

Themes Relating To Good Versus Evil In Billy Budd Essay Paper Example For Students

Themes Relating To Good Versus Evil In Billy Budd Essay Paper Many themes relating to the conflict between Good and Evil can befound in Herman Melvilles novella Billy Budd, Foretopman. First originatingas a poem about a middle-aged man on the eve of his execution, Billy Buddis the only true work of fiction written by Melville (Bloom, Critical Views198). The idea for the novella was probably suggested in part by an incidentin 1842 in which a midshipman and two seamen of the American brig Somerswere hanged at sea for mutiny (Voss 44). Although it remained unpublishedfor until almost half a century after Melvilles death, Billy Budd quicklybecame one of his most popular works (Bloom, Critical Views 198). Perhaps one of the most widely recognized themes in Billy Budd is thecorruption of innocence by society (Gilmore 18). Society in Billy Budd isrepresented by an eighteenth century English man-of-war, the H.M.S. Bellipotent. Billy, who represents innocence, is a young seaman of twenty-onewho is endowed with physical strength, beauty, and good nature (Voss 44). A crew member aboard the merchant ship Rights of Man, Billy is impressedby the English navy and is taken aboard the H.M.S. Bellipotent. As heboards the H.M.S. Bellipotent, he calmly utters, Goodbye, Rights of Man, afarewell to his ship and crewmates. However, this farewell is not only meantfor his ship, but for his actual rights as well, the rights that would have kepthim innocent until proven guilty under a normal society (Gilmore 18). Thesociety represented by the H.M.S. Bellipotent is much different from that ofthe outside world, as the various laws and regulations in effect during warturn a civilized society into more of a primitive state. The rights that arefought for during war were no longer possessed by the men on board theBellipotent in an attempt to keep order as best as possible (Gilmore 18). Billy was impressed by the English navy because of a need for goodsailors. The Rights of Man cannot survive in the war-torn waters of theocean without the protection of the Bellipotent, and the Bellipotent cannotprotect the Rights of Man if it does not impress sailors (Tucker 248). On theH.M.S. Bellipotent, Billy faces destruction from a force which he does not andcannot comprehend (Gilmore 18). Billy was snatched from a safe berthaboard the Rights of Man so that he could be made into an example, whichwould hopefully suppress the primitive instinct to rebel in the other crewmembers (Tucker 248). He lacks the sophistication and experience to rollwith the punches, forcing him to succumb to this hostile society. Unlike theshifting keel of the ship, he cannot lean both ways, one way toward hisnatural innocence and trustfulness and the other toward the evil and conspiracyin society, causing him to break apart and sink (Gilmore 18). It can also beinterpreted that Billy is the true civilize r, for while the war in which theH.M.S. Bellipotent fights is a product of what passes for civilization, Billy isthe maker of peace (Gilmore 65). Another theme that critics feel is present in Billy Budd is that of theimpersonality and brutality of the modern state. Billy was taken from a safeand protected environment on the Rights of Man and placed in a new, hostilesetting, one which he was not prepared for and could not conform to. Onceone of the strongest and most respected crew members on the Rights of Man,he was no longer regarded as such on the H.M.S. Bellipotent (Bloom, CriticalViews 211). However, his innocence and trustfulness remained with him,causing the crew to regard him as being more of a noble man, rather than thepowerful man that he was on the Rights of Man. While most of the crew admired Billy for these qualities, JohnClaggart, Master-at-Arms for the H.M.S. Bellipotent, regards Billy withjealousy and malice (Gilmore 24). Critics have described Claggart as theepitome of evil, residing on the periphery of order, and serving as bothtempter and destroyer (Bloom, Critical Views 207). He has been compared byMelville to Tecumseh and Titus Oates, and with his background beingunknown, Melville makes his character appear even more evil to the reader(Bloom, Critical Views 207). Ironically, Claggarts strength resides in his jobas the shipboard peacekeeper. However, when his evil side takes control, itcauses him to rear up like a coiled snake, ready to strike out at goodness(Gilmore 24). When Billy becomes part of the H.M.S. Bellipotents crew, Claggartsjealousy and malice causes his evil side to take control. In an attempt todestroy Billys image of innocence and peacefulness, Claggart approachesCaptain Vere and accuses Billy of attempted mutiny. Understandibly surprisedat the accusation, Vere calls Billy and Claggart before him in order toquestion both sides. Billy, being afflicted by a stammer which prevents himfrom speaking when excited, involuntarily strikes Claggart when he learns ofthe false accusations, killing him instantly in the presence of Captain Vere(Voss 44). TIMELINE of the Atomic Bomb. EssayMelville goes on to imply that society does not know how todifferentiate true good from evil. The law and society has not yet learnedhow to deal with man as a flawed individual. The laws insanity is like thatearlier attributed to Claggart: although apparently subject to reason, it is deeplyirrational. In Billys case, the law is unable to distinguish the human beingfrom his act (Gilmore 63). Billys death had a profound impact on the crew of the H.M.S. Bellipotent. Many members of the crew respected the good that Billy stoodfor and felt that he should not have been executed for his crime, as did Vere. Billy becomes a martyr for the crew of the Bellipotent they continue toremember and to uphold the lessons learned from his character. Pieces of themast from which he was hanged are saved and cherished like pieces of thecross would be cherished by devout Christians (Van Doren 617). The menthat witnessed Billys execution remembered the event as one of historys mosttragic days for the rest of their lives. And, on his deathbed, even strongCaptain Vere displayed his affection for Billy and the impact that he had onhis life with his dying words, Billy Budd, Billy Budd. (Gilmore 23)Works CitedBilly Budd. Billy Budd Electronic Encyclopedia. 1994 ed. Bloom, Harold. The Chelsea House Library of Literary Criticism. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 1989. Bloom, Harold. Modern Critical Views of Herman Melville. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Foster, Edward, ed. Six American Novelists of the Nineteenth Century. Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press, 1968. Gilmore, Michael T., ed. Twentieth Century Interpretations of Billy Budd. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc., 1971. Tucker, Martin, ed. Moultons Library of Literary Criticism of English andAmerican Authors. 4 vols. New York: Frederick Ungar PublishingCo., 1966. Van Doren, Carl. The American Novel. New York: The MacmillianCompany, 1968. Voss, Authur. The American Short Story. Norman, Oklahoma: University ofOklahoma Press, 1973.

6 Tips For Creating Amazing Presentations

6 Tips For Creating Amazing PresentationsYou need to make sure that your talks and presentations are as dynamic as possible so that they stay interesting. Here are some tips for creating amazing presentations that will stay fresh and captivating.One important thing to do is to research and analyze what kinds of presentation topics people will be attending. This will help you come up with ideas for topics that people will find interesting. The next step in research is to create a presentation outline.Creating a presentation outline is just like a business plan for any company. It's the blueprint that you follow to keep all the details of the presentation in place.Make sure that you create an outline for each topic that you will present. That way, you can make sure that you will keep to the plan. In the case of your presentations, make sure that each topic is described in detail.Know the subject well. This will help you with defining what you will present. To make it easier, use free r esources or online websites that will have an overview of the topic. Sometimes you can find these online because there are many free resources out there and even paid resources.Make sure that you do not leave anything out of your research. Even if you read books or listen to a podcast, it can still help you in your research.Listen to podcasts that you think people would enjoy and like. Listening to podcasts that have presentations as their theme is one way of getting information fast. Most podcasts are short and not long, which is perfect for getting information fast.Research should be your first step. When making presentations, it's good to do it well so that you can see the results immediately. Make sure that you plan well ahead and go to the places where you can get good information that will help you make better presentations.